Effectiveness Of Vaccines Under Study for Toxoplasmosis: A Literature Review Of The Years 2016 to 2021
Eficácia das vacinas em estudo para toxoplasmose
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1827Keywords:
Vaccine, Immune Response, ProtectionAbstract
Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is a disease with high prevalence worldwide, being related to public health problems. This disease is transmitted horizontally, with the ingestion of bradyzoites or oocysts, and vertically, which occurs via placenta, with both routes of transmission being present the sexual and the asexual reproduction, depending on which animal is being contaminated. These are related to the acute phase, with hemato lymphatic dissemination and the production of symptoms, and the chronic phase of the disease, which is directly associated with the formation of cysts with bradyzoites inside the host's cells, with a reduction of symptoms. This scenario, in conjunction with the reality of the high cost of drugs to treat the condition and the range of symptoms that overcrowd the local health system, demonstrates the need for the development of vaccines, which act preventively, and there are several studies in progress. Methods/Development: a search was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed and Lilacs platforms with the words Active immunotherapy, toxoplasmosis, humoral immunity and cellular immunity, and 32 articles were found. Inclusion criteria were thus established as delimitation between the years 2012 and 2021, articles available in Portuguese, English and Spanish, studies of new vaccines for toxoplasmosis that were performed in mice. In addition, an exclusion criterion was established for in vitro studies, and thus 18 articles were selected, from which the data for this study were extracted. Objectives: to synthesize the results obtained with the vaccines under study and to understand where the process of their development stands. Results/Discussion: DNA vaccines were identified with the study, which are easy to produce and low cost, and have all been associated with the generation of humoral and cellular response and thus immunization ability; they have been present in several studies, being composed of the high virulence Toxoplasma gondii that have dense granule proteins (GRA), surface antigens (SAG), rhoptry proteins (ROP), microneme proteins (MIC) and plant-like calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs). Conclusion: thus, DNA vaccines are superior, due to the ease of production and low cost compared to the others. To evaluate the immunization capacity, it was identified that the vaccines with the highest humoral and/or cellular immune response were those composed of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK3), MIC3/ROP9/SAG2 junction and mitochondrial rhomboid proteases (ROM4) added to peptide. Finally, it was found that the vaccine with SAG5B/SAG5C surface antigens showed the highest capacity to reduce parasite load, being the DNA vaccine that showed the highest protective effectiveness against toxoplasmosis.
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