Hamman’s Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report

Abstract

This report describes a rare case of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a pediatric patient, triggered by an isolated episode of wheezing. Although the condition is uncommon in this age group, it demonstrates that even subtle respiratory manifestations can have significant repercussions, reinforcing the need for detailed clinical evaluation and careful monitoring of the patient's history for early identification of the condition and definition of the most appropriate course of action. During the investigation, imaging studies were essential to characterize the extent of extraluminal air. Computed tomography revealed gas present in the vertebral canal, in the superficial and deep interfacial planes, and in the retroperitoneum, involving abdominal organs such as the kidney, stomach, and adrenal gland. These findings confirm that, even in cases with mild symptoms, pneumomediastinum can spread widely throughout the tissues, making complete radiological examinations indispensable to guide clinical management and prevent possible complications. The treatment adopted was conservative, based on clinical observation, oxygen therapy, and analgesia, a course of action recommended in the literature for stable patients. Close monitoring, coupled with detailed radiological evaluation, allowed for tracking the resolution of extraluminal air and ensuring patient safety without the need for invasive interventions. This case highlights the importance of integrating clinical assessment, imaging studies, and conservative management, demonstrating that even in rare situations with extensive air dissemination, complete recovery is possible in children with spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Furthermore, it underscores the relevance of early diagnosis and continuous surveillance to prevent complications and guide safe clinical decisions.