Biomechanical analysis and metabolic demand of the defensive midfielder in contemporary soccer: a systematic and applied review

Abstract

This scientific article investigates the physiological adaptations, predominant bioenergetic pathways, and specific biomechanical demands of the defensive midfielder position in modern high-performance soccer. The research problem focuses on the need to understand how the tactical evolution of the game, characterized by an exponential increase in intensity and a drastic reduction in maneuvering spaces, has altered the bioenergetic and mechanical profile required of these athletes. The general objective is to analyze the intermittency of high-intensity efforts, the mechanical load imposed by changes of direction and decelerations, and to propose evidence-based physical training protocols that mitigate the risk of injury and optimize performance. The methodology adopted is a narrative and systematic bibliographic review of studies on exercise physiology, kinesiology, and sports training, limited to the period up to 2021. The results indicate that the defensive midfielder covers total distances greater than other positions, with a critical predominance of eccentric deceleration actions that require specific neuromuscular adaptations. It is concluded that physical preparation must prioritize aerobic power for recovery and reactive strength to withstand current competitive density.