Recent Advances in the Management of Glaucoma: A Narrative Review
Recent Advances in the Management of Glaucoma: A Narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51473/rcmos.v1i2.2025.1367Keywords:
Glaucoma. Early diagnosis. Therapeutics. Ophthalmology.Abstract
Introduction: Glaucoma is a chronic and progressive optic neuropathy characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss, being one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. It is estimated that more than 76 million people had glaucoma in 2020, and this number is projected to exceed 110 million by 2040. Objective: To review the main recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, with emphasis on technological and therapeutic innovations. Methods: Narrative literature review carried out in PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar databases, including publications between 2013 and 2023. Review articles, clinical trials and guidelines from international and national medical societies were included. Results and discussion: Diagnostic methods have been enhanced by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and artificial intelligence algorithms capable of early detection of structural changes. In clinical treatment, new prostaglandin analogs, sustained-release eye drops and fixed drug combinations have improved adherence. Laser therapy has advanced with selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT), and minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS) provided safer alternatives to trabeculectomy. Despite these advances, challenges remain regarding universal access and treatment adherence. Conclusion: Glaucoma management has significantly evolved, allowing earlier diagnosis and less invasive treatments. However, the effectiveness of these advances depends on broader access and the implementation of screening strategies in public health.
Downloads
References
APTEl, F.; CHIQUET, C.; ROMANET, J. P. Intraocular pressure-lowering combination therapies with prostaglandin analogs. Drugs, v. 72, n. 10, p. 1355–1371, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11634460-000000000-00000
GAZZARD, G.; KONSTANTAKOPOULOU, E.; GARWAY-HEATH, D.; et al. Selective laser trabeculoplasty versus eye drops for first-line treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma (LiGHT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet, v. 393, n. 10180, p. 1505–1516, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32213-X
MEDEIROS, F. A.; ZANGWILL, L. M.; BOWD, C.; MANSOURI, K.; WEINREB, R. N. The structure and function relationship in glaucoma: implications for detection of progression and measurement of rates of change. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, v. 53, n. 11, p. 6939–6946, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10345
QUIGLEY, H. A.; BROMAN, A. T. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol, v. 90, n. 3, p. 262–267, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.081224
SAKATA, K.; SAKATA, L. M.; SUSANNA, R. Jr. Glaucoma in Brazil: epidemiological and socioeconomic aspects. Rev Bras Oftalmol, v. 66, n. 6, p. 379–387, 2007.
SAHEB, H.; AHMED, I. I. Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery: current perspectives and future directions. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, v. 23, n. 2, p. 96–104, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e32834ff1e7
THAM, Y. C.; LI, X.; WONG, T. Y.; QUIGLEY, H. A.; AUNG, T.; CHENG, C. Y. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology, v. 121, n. 11, p. 2081–2090, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013
TING, D. S. W.; PASQUALE, L. R.; PENG, L.; CAMPBELL, J. P.; LEE, A. Y.; RAMAN, R.; et al. Artificial intelligence and deep learning in ophthalmology. Br J Ophthalmol, v. 103, n. 2, p. 167–175, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313173
WEINREB, R. N.; AUNG, T.; MEDEIROS, F. A. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. JAMA, v. 311, n. 18, p. 1901–1911, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3192
DE CARVALHO, R. L.; CABRAL, R. G.; ROSARIO FERRER, Y. SISTEMAS TUTORES INTELIGENTES COMO RECURSO DIDÁTICO NO ENSINO DA MATEMÁTICA. HOLOS, [S. l.], v. 6, p. 1–11, 2019. DOI: 10.15628/holos.2019.7028. Disponível em: https://www2.ifrn.edu.br/ojs/index.php/HOLOS/article/view/7028. Acesso em: 04 jun. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2019.7028
ROSATELLI, M. C., & Self, J. A. Supporting distance learning from case studies. In S. P Lajoie, & M. Vivet (Eds.), Proceedings o f 9th international conference on artificial intelligence in education, p. 457-564, abril. 2000.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Igor Wilke Dalla Rosa, Isabel Bittencourt de Almeida Pedrosa, Ana Beatriz Hoffmann, Giovanna Musa Scalise Szpigel (Autor)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means you are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
The use of this material is conditioned upon proper attribution to the original author(s), providing a link to the license, and indicating if changes were made. The license does not require permission from the author or the publisher as long as these conditions are met.
The Creative Commons license logo is displayed permanently in the footer of the journal.
The copyright of the manuscript can be retained by the authors without restrictions and can be requested at any time, even after publication in the journal.
